1. Threatened Miscarriage (Abortus Imminens)

Definition

In this condition, miscarriage has not yet occurred, but there is a risk of it happening.

Symptoms

• Light vaginal bleeding or spotting
• Mild abdominal or lower back pain
• Cervix remains closed

Treatment

• Bed rest is recommended and heavy physical activity should be avoided.
• Progesterone support may be given.
• Sexual intercourse is not advised.
• Pregnancy is closely monitored with ultrasound and blood tests.

Most women with threatened miscarriage can continue their pregnancy in a healthy way.

2. Inevitable Miscarriage (Abortus Inevitabilis)

Definition

The cervix has opened and continuation of pregnancy is not possible.

Symptoms

• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Strong contractions and cramp-like pain
• Open cervix

Treatment

• Medical treatment or curettage may be required to complete the miscarriage.
• If bleeding is severe, surgical intervention may be needed to fully clear the uterus.

3. Incomplete Miscarriage (Incomplete Abortus)

Definition

Part of the pregnancy tissue has been expelled, but some remains inside the uterus.

Symptoms

• Heavy vaginal bleeding
• Severe cramps
• Presence of pregnancy tissue in the uterus

Treatment

• Medication or curettage may be needed to completely empty the uterus.
• Close monitoring for bleeding and infection is essential.

4. Complete Miscarriage (Complete Abortus)

Definition

All pregnancy tissue has been expelled from the uterus.

Symptoms

• Bleeding and pain decrease significantly
• Ultrasound shows an empty uterus

Treatment

• Usually no further intervention is required.
• Follow-up with a doctor is recommended to confirm the uterus is clear.

5. Missed Miscarriage (Missed Abortus)

Definition

The baby has died in the womb, but the body has not recognized it yet.

Symptoms

• No bleeding or pain, but fetal heartbeat has stopped
• Pregnancy symptoms disappear
• Ultrasound shows halted fetal development

Treatment

• Medical or surgical intervention (medication or curettage) is required.
• Monitoring for infection risk is necessary.

6. Recurrent Miscarriage (Habitual Abortus)

Definition

Having three or more consecutive miscarriages.

Causes

• Genetic issues (chromosomal abnormalities)
• Uterine abnormalities (septum, adhesions)
• Immune system disorders (Antiphospholipid syndrome)
• Hormonal imbalances

Treatment

• Genetic testing, uterine evaluation, and immune system tests are performed.
• Treatment is tailored to the underlying cause.

7. Septic Miscarriage (Infected Abortus)

Definition

An infection develops during or after a miscarriage.

Symptoms

• High fever
• Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
• Severe abdominal pain

Treatment

• Immediate antibiotic treatment is required.
• Medical intervention to clear the uterus and control infection.

Causes of Miscarriage

Genetic Factors

• 50–60% of miscarriages are due to genetic abnormalities.
• Chromosomal defects can prevent healthy embryo development.

Hormonal Problems

• Low progesterone levels can hinder pregnancy continuation.
• Thyroid disorders (hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism) increase miscarriage risk.

Uterine and Cervical Issues

• Congenital uterine abnormalities (septum, double uterus, etc.)
• Intrauterine adhesions (Asherman’s syndrome)
• Cervical insufficiency (early cervical opening)

Infections

• Infections such as toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and listeria may cause miscarriage.

Maternal Health Conditions

• Chronic diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, autoimmune disorders, and kidney disease can increase risk.

Lifestyle Factors

• Smoking, alcohol, and drug use
• Obesity or being underweight
• Poor nutrition and excessive stress

What to Do After a Miscarriage?

• Medical check-up: The uterus should be examined to ensure it is fully cleared.
• Allow time for physical and emotional healing: Psychological support is important.
• In recurrent miscarriages, detailed tests should be conducted.

Can Miscarriages Be Prevented?

• Healthy diet and regular exercise
• Taking folic acid and necessary vitamins
• Avoiding smoking, alcohol, and drugs
• Managing chronic health conditions
• Pre-pregnancy medical check-up

Conclusion

• Miscarriage is a natural complication of pregnancy and not always under the mother’s control.
• Most women can have healthy pregnancies after a miscarriage.
• In cases of recurrent miscarriage, detailed medical evaluation is essential.

If you experience symptoms of miscarriage or have had recurrent miscarriages, it is important to consult a gynecologist.